English

               CAN                  =

BE ABLE TO

present

I can come and see you tomorrow.

» more usual                                    =

Are you able to speak any foreign language?          »  formálnější

past

She could read. Ona mohla číst.

                                                        ≠

Could používáme se slovesy: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand

She was able to read (= manage).

Ona byla schopna to číst! Je to zázrak, protože je slepá.

future

-

I will be able to pay it on Monday.

future perfect

-

I will have been able to pay it by the next Sunday.

present perfect

-

I have never been able to concentrate.

past perfect

-

I had never been able to concentrate……

         MAY           =

BE ALLOWED TO

present

You may come.

May you come?

You mustn’t smoke.

I am allowed to come.

Are you allowed to come?

You aren’t allowed to smoke here.

past

-

I was allowed to smoke here.

future

-

I will be allowed to drive a car.

future perfect

-

I will have been allowed to be there…..

present perfect

-

I have never been allowed to drive a car yet.

past perfect

-

I had been allowed to drive a car….

pozn.

k přítomným časům

might X may

might – když se jedná o neskutečnou situaci (kondicionály)

may not – možná, že ne

POZOR!

may be x maybe

may be = smí být
      I may be there. Smím tam být.

maybe = možná

      Maybe I will go there. Možná tam půjdu.

must

have to

present

I must go.                                  ≠

↓

osobní, subjektivní pocit (nikdo mě nenutí)

I must go to the barber.

Must you pay?

He must leave.

I needn´t get up early.

↓

must nemá zápor (má, ale změní význam věty – viz. zápor u may v přítomném čase)

I have to go.

↓

objektivně, od někoho (někdo mi něco říká, že to musím udělat)

We have to dress the uniform.

Do you have to pay?

He has to leave.

I don´t have to get up early.

past

-

I had to tell the truth.

She didn´t have to pay.

Did you have to wait?

future

-

I will have to think about it.

future perfect

-

I will have had to go there by the next Wednesday.

present perfect

-

I have had to eat it.

past perfect

-

I had had to do it ……

Pozn. 1.

I promised I would be on time.

I mustn´t be late. (= I must be on time.)

I ´m not working tomorrow, so I don´t have to get up early.

Srovnání „muset x potřebovat“

need – muset

need – potřebovat

Přítomný čas - + věta

I need go.

I need to go.

Přítomný čas - - věta

I needn’t go.

I don’t need to go.

Přítomný čas - ? věta

Need you go?

Do you need to go?

Minulý čas

I need have gone.

I needed to go.

should

ought to

Přítomný čas - + věta

I should go.

I ought to go.

Přítomný čas - - věta

I shouldn’t go.

I oughtn’t to go.

Přítomný čas - ? věta

Should you go?

Ought you to go?

Minulý čas

I should have gone.

I ought to have gone.