English

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

         DIRECT SPEECH >> REPORTED SPEECH 

 present simple » past simple                  

        My mother is a lawyer. » He said his mother was a lawyer.

 present continuous » past continuous  

   I´m having my hair cut today. » He said he was having his hair cut that day. 

          past simple » past perfect simple

      I started out as a teacher. » He said he had started out as a teacher.                         

present perfect simple » past perfect simple

I have passed my driving test. » He said he had passed his driving test.  

present perfect continuous » past perfect continuous

I have been having lessons for a year.»He said he had been having lessons for a year.  

                   can/will/must » could/would/had to

Can you help me do my homework?»She asked him if he could help her do her homework.

         I will help you do your homework. » She said she would help him do his homework.

  You must do your homework. » The teacher told him he had to do his homework. 

                                      yes/no question »  If + word order of a statement

     Do you want some more cake? » She asked him if he wanted some more cake.

Are you coming shopping this afternoon? » She asked if/whether she was going                                                                              shopping that afternoon.  

modal verb

Let´s go to the beach. » She suggested going to the beach.

                                              » She suggested they go to the beach.

                                                  » She suggested they went to the beach.

                                                            » She suggested they should go to the beach.

                                   wh- question » What + word order of a statement

  What´s your favorite sport? » I asked him what his favourite sport was.

 Where do you live? » They asked her where she lived.  

           imperative » With to + infinitive

                        Have a rest. » She advised/told him to have a rest.  

negative imperative » Not + to + infinitiv       

                   Don´t make so much noise. » He told them not to make so much noise.

REPORTED SPEECH – IS NOT USED

 1. immediately after saying the information

            It´s a lovely day today. She says it´s a lovely day today.

 2. when we talk about facts (mainly scientific)

            Our teacher told us the earth goes round  the Sun.

 3. when it is still true

            He said he is a teacher.

 4. might, could, would, should, ought to - we do not change

 5. if it is said when the activity happened in the past (date, month, year, ...)

            He said: I lived here in 1970. He said he lived here in 1970.

TIME AND PLACE DATA

today >> that day this morning >> that morning  now >> then

 here >> there ago >> before

tomorrow >> the next day/the following day

yesterday >> the day before/the previous day

next week >> the following week 

SLOVESA, PO KTERÝCH NÁSLEDUJE NEPŘÍMÁ ŘEČ

• ask, advice, beg, encourage, invite, tell, remind, warn

She advised me to go to the dentist.

•  say, claim, admit, promise, deny

She claimed that she was not guilty.

•  tell, remind, warn

She reminded us that we should have gone.

•  deny, admit, suggest

She suggested going to the theatre.

•  answer, reply, announce, report, write, read, want to know, know, learn, feel,..